Applicative - Revision history

Rulavi: /* The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives */ wording

2008-05-04T14:19:47Z

The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives: wording

Rulavi: /* References */

2008-03-14T23:58:56Z

References

Rulavi: /* Origin */ Earlier reference

2008-03-14T23:47:33Z

Origin: Earlier reference

Rulavi: /* The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives */ clarify forms

2008-03-14T23:44:11Z

The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives: clarify forms

Rulavi: /* See also */ Missing brackets

2008-01-10T15:52:56Z

Rulavi: /* References */

2008-01-09T21:53:26Z

References

Rulavi: /* Origin */

2008-01-09T21:49:57Z

Origin

Rulavi: /* The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives */ more tweaks

2008-01-09T21:36:34Z

The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives: more tweaks

Rulavi: /* The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives */ tweaks

2008-01-09T21:19:49Z

The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives: tweaks

Rulavi: /* The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives */ typo

2008-01-08T17:30:37Z

The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives: typo

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 Nahuatl suffixes which are usually used as causatives (e.g. ''-tia'' or ''-ltia'') nearly always have a few usages in which they are applicatives, and applicative suffixes (e.g. ''-ia'' or ''-lia'') nearly always have a few usages in which they are causative.
-Some cases show aspects of causative meaning along with aspects of applicative meaning. Thus in Tetelcingo Nahuatl when the (normally causative) suffix ''-tia'', when affixed to the stem ''čōka'' ‘cry’, the resultant stem (''čōkītia'') does not mean ‘cause (s.o.) to cry’ (causative), nor ‘cry out to (s.o.)’ (perhaps the most-expected applicative meaning). Rather it means ‘mourn (s.o.)’. A person’s death (in the typical case) causes someone to cry: this is clearly like a causative. However, the person who causes the crying (the new nominal argument) is not taken as the [[subject]] of the complex verb stem, but as its [[object]]. This is like the applicative pattern. However, in the typical applicative pattern the crying would be viewed as causing an effect on the new object; here it is caused by the new object.
+Some cases show aspects of causative meaning along with aspects of applicative meaning. Thus in Tetelcingo Nahuatl when the (normally causative) suffix ''-tia'' is affixed to the stem ''čōka'' ‘cry’, the resultant stem (''čōkītia'') does not mean ‘cause (s.o.) to cry’ (causative), nor ‘cry out to (s.o.)’ (perhaps the most-expected applicative meaning). Rather it means ‘mourn (s.o.)’. A person’s death (in the typical case) causes someone to cry: this is clearly like a causative. However, the person who causes the crying (the new nominal argument) is not taken as the [[subject]] of the complex verb stem, but as its [[object]]. This is like the applicative pattern. However, in the typical applicative pattern the crying would be viewed as causing an effect on the new object; here it is caused by the new object.
 Where a causing and a caused process are of the same kind, either a causative or an applicative construal of the same event may be possible. Thus the German ''be-atmen'' (applicative-breathe) ‘give artificial respiration mouth-to-mouth’ could be construed as causing the object to breathe or as breathing (in)to or for the object. The more extensive usage of ''be-'' as an applicative than as a causative would favor the second construal.

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 *Carochi, Horacio. 1645. ''Arte de la Lengva Mexicana con la Declaración de los Adverbios della.'' México: Iuan Ruyz. Edición facsimilar, 1983. México: UNAM.
 *[[Peterson, David A.]] 2007. ''Applicative constructions''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 === Other languages ===

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 === Origin ===
-The name “applicative” is of [[Latin]] origin (''applicātum'' ‘attached’). The first linguistic researchers who made use of this term in today’s sense were missionaries in Meso America in the 17th century. They found applicative constructions in [[Nahuatl]] and other [[Uto-Aztecan languages]] and called them ''verbos aplicativos'' (e.g. Carochi 1645: 63ff).
+The name “applicative” is of [[Latin]] origin (''applicātum'' ‘attached’). The first linguistic researchers who made use of this term in today’s sense were missionaries in MesoAmerica in the 16th and 17th centuries. They found applicative constructions in [[Nahuatl]] and other [[Uto-Aztecan languages]] and called them ''verbos aplicativos'' (e.g. Rincón 1595:45, Carochi 1645:63ff).
 === See also ===

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 Nahuatl suffixes which are usually used as causatives (e.g. ''-tia'' or ''-ltia'') nearly always have a few usages in which they are applicatives, and applicative suffixes (e.g. ''-ia'' or ''-lia'') nearly always have a few usages in which they are causative.
-Some cases show aspects of causative meaning along with aspects of applicative meaning. Thus in Tetelcingo Nahuatl the (normally causative) suffix ''-tia'', when affixed to the stem ''čōk'' ‘cry’, does not mean ‘cause (s.o.) to cry’ (causative), nor ‘cry out to (s.o.)’ (perhaps the most-expected applicative meaning). Rather it means ‘mourn (s.o.)’. A person’s death (in the typical case) causes someone to cry: this is clearly like a causative. However, the person who causes the crying (the new nominal argument) is not taken as the [[subject]] of the complex verb stem, but as its [[object]]. This is like the applicative pattern. However, in the typical applicative pattern the crying would be viewed as causing an effect on the new object; here it is caused by the new object.
+Some cases show aspects of causative meaning along with aspects of applicative meaning. Thus in Tetelcingo Nahuatl when the (normally causative) suffix ''-tia'', when affixed to the stem ''čōka'' ‘cry’, the resultant stem (''čōkītia'') does not mean ‘cause (s.o.) to cry’ (causative), nor ‘cry out to (s.o.)’ (perhaps the most-expected applicative meaning). Rather it means ‘mourn (s.o.)’. A person’s death (in the typical case) causes someone to cry: this is clearly like a causative. However, the person who causes the crying (the new nominal argument) is not taken as the [[subject]] of the complex verb stem, but as its [[object]]. This is like the applicative pattern. However, in the typical applicative pattern the crying would be viewed as causing an effect on the new object; here it is caused by the new object.
 Where a causing and a caused process are of the same kind, either a causative or an applicative construal of the same event may be possible. Thus the German ''be-atmen'' (applicative-breathe) ‘give artificial respiration mouth-to-mouth’ could be construed as causing the object to breathe or as breathing (in)to or for the object. The more extensive usage of ''be-'' as an applicative than as a causative would favor the second construal.

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 === See also ===
-*[[Verbal morphology
+*[[Verbal morphology]]
 *[[Causative]]
 *[[Valence change]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:53, 9 January 2008
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	*Bußmann, Hadumod (2002) ''Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft.'' Stuttgart: Kröner. ISBN 3-520-45203-0.		*Bußmann, Hadumod (2002) ''Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft.'' Stuttgart: Kröner. ISBN 3-520-45203-0.
		+	*Carochi, Horacio. 1645. ''Arte de la Lengva Mexicana con la Declaración de los Adverbios della.'' México: Iuan Ruyz. Edición facsimilar, 1983. México: UNAM.
	*[[Peterson, David A.]] 2007. ''Applicative constructions''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.		*[[Peterson, David A.]] 2007. ''Applicative constructions''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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 Some cases show aspects of causative meaning along with aspects of applicative meaning. Thus in Tetelcingo Nahuatl the (normally causative) suffix ''-tia'', when affixed to the stem ''čōk'' ‘cry’, does not mean ‘cause (s.o.) to cry’ (causative), nor ‘cry out to (s.o.)’ (perhaps the most-expected applicative meaning). Rather it means ‘mourn (s.o.)’. A person’s death (in the typical case) causes someone to cry: this is clearly like a causative. However, the person who causes the crying (the new nominal argument) is not taken as the [[subject]] of the complex verb stem, but as its [[object]]. This is like the applicative pattern. However, in the typical applicative pattern the crying would be viewed as causing an effect on the new object; here it is caused by the new object.
-Where a causing and a caused process are of the same kind, either a causative or an applicative construal of the same event may be possible. Thus the German ''be-atmen'' (applicative-breathe) ‘give artificial respiration mouth-to-mouth’ could be construed as causing the object to breathe or as breathing in or for the object. The more extensive usage of ''be-'' as an applicative than as a causative would favor the second construal.
+Where a causing and a caused process are of the same kind, either a causative or an applicative construal of the same event may be possible. Thus the German ''be-atmen'' (applicative-breathe) ‘give artificial respiration mouth-to-mouth’ could be construed as causing the object to breathe or as breathing (in)to or for the object. The more extensive usage of ''be-'' as an applicative than as a causative would favor the second construal.
-Causative and applicative affixes may also be used for verbalizing non-verbal stems, usually producing a transitive verb, as they do when affixed to verb stems. Many of these usages can be seen as tending towards a causative meaning and others towards an applicative meaning, but the analysis is not straightforward, and most cases can be seen as in some degree mixed. For instance, in [[Orizaba Nawatl]] ''ama-tia'' (paper-causative) ‘provide (s.o.) with documents’, one could see the idea as ''the subject causing [the object to have papers]'', or as ''[the subject preparing or issuing papers] to/for the object''. The first would be a causative-tending construal, and the second an applicative-tending construal. Somewhat similarly, the German verb ''beenden'' 'finish (s.t.)' can be taken as a (causative, unusually for ''be-'') derivative of the verb ''enden'' ‘come to an end’, or as a verbalization (with ''be- -en'') of the noun ''end'', meaning either ''the subject cause [the object to have an end]'' or ''[the subject bring/put an end] to the object''.
+Causative and applicative affixes may also be used for verbalizing non-verbal stems, usually producing a transitive verb, as they do when affixed to verb stems. Many of these usages can be seen as tending towards a causative meaning (when the designatum is associated with the subject) and others towards an applicative meaning (when the designatum is associated with the object.) However, the analysis is not straightforward, and most cases can be seen as in some degree mixed. For instance, in [[Orizaba Nawatl]] ''ama-tia'' (paper-causative) ‘provide (s.o.) with documents’, one could see the idea as ''the subject causing [the object to have papers]'', or as ''[the subject preparing or issuing papers] to/for the object''. The first would be a causative-tending construal, and the second an applicative-tending construal.
 === Origin ===

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 === The relationship of Applicatives and Causatives ===
-Applicatives and [[causatives]] are closely related in a number of languages. Both introduce a new nominal [[argument]] to derive a new transitive verb from a more basic verb (whether transitive or intransitive). Nahuatl suffixes which are usually used as causatives (e.g. ''-tia'' or ''-ltia'') nearly always have a few usages in which they are applicatives, and applicative suffixes (e.g. ''-ia'' or ''-lia'') nearly always have a few usages in which they are causative.
+Applicatives and [[causatives]] are closely related in a number of languages. Both introduce a new nominal [[argument]] to derive a new transitive verb from a more basic verb (whether transitive or intransitive). Causatives, however, introduce a new subject rather than a new object.
 Some cases show aspects of causative meaning along with aspects of applicative meaning. Thus in Tetelcingo Nahuatl the (normally causative) suffix ''-tia'', when affixed to the stem ''čōk'' ‘cry’, does not mean ‘cause (s.o.) to cry’ (causative), nor ‘cry out to (s.o.)’ (perhaps the most-expected applicative meaning). Rather it means ‘mourn (s.o.)’. A person’s death (in the typical case) causes someone to cry: this is clearly like a causative. However, the person who causes the crying (the new nominal argument) is not taken as the [[subject]] of the complex verb stem, but as its [[object]]. This is like the applicative pattern. However, in the typical applicative pattern the crying would be viewed as causing an effect on the new object; here it is caused by the new object.
@@ Line 41: / Line 43: @@
 Where a causing and a caused process are of the same kind, either a causative or an applicative construal of the same event may be possible. Thus the German ''be-atmen'' (applicative-breathe) ‘give artificial respiration mouth-to-mouth’ could be construed as causing the object to breathe or as breathing in or for the object. The more extensive usage of ''be-'' as an applicative than as a causative would favor the second construal.
-Causative and applicative affixes may also be used for verbalizing non-verbal stems, usually producing a transitive verb, as they do when affixed to verb stems. Many of these usages can be seen as tending towards a causative meaning and others towards an applicative meaning, but the analysis is not straightforward, and most cases can be seen as in some degree mixed. For instance, in [[Orizaba Nawatl]] ''ama-tia'' (paper-causative) ‘provide (s.o.) with documents’, one could see the idea as ''the subject causing [the object to have papers]'', or as ''[the subject preparing or issuing papers] to/for the object''. The first would be a causative-tending construal, and the second an applicative-tending construal. Somewhat similarly, the German verb ''beenden'' 'finish (s.t.)' can be taken as a (causative, unusually for ''be-'') derivative of ''enden'' ‘come to an end’, or as a verbalization (with ''be- -en'') of the noun ''end'', meaning either ''the subject cause [the object to have an end]'' or ''[the subject bring/put an end] to the object''.
+Causative and applicative affixes may also be used for verbalizing non-verbal stems, usually producing a transitive verb, as they do when affixed to verb stems. Many of these usages can be seen as tending towards a causative meaning and others towards an applicative meaning, but the analysis is not straightforward, and most cases can be seen as in some degree mixed. For instance, in [[Orizaba Nawatl]] ''ama-tia'' (paper-causative) ‘provide (s.o.) with documents’, one could see the idea as ''the subject causing [the object to have papers]'', or as ''[the subject preparing or issuing papers] to/for the object''. The first would be a causative-tending construal, and the second an applicative-tending construal. Somewhat similarly, the German verb ''beenden'' 'finish (s.t.)' can be taken as a (causative, unusually for ''be-'') derivative of the verb ''enden'' ‘come to an end’, or as a verbalization (with ''be- -en'') of the noun ''end'', meaning either ''the subject cause [the object to have an end]'' or ''[the subject bring/put an end] to the object''.
 === Origin ===