Borrowing (i.e. copying) - Revision history

Volker gast: /* Polysemy */

2009-09-09T17:05:17Z

Polysemy

Volker gast: /* Polysemy */

2009-09-09T17:05:04Z

Polysemy

Haspelmath at 14:27, 13 September 2008

2008-09-13T14:27:10Z

Haspelmath at 12:18, 19 October 2007

2007-10-19T12:18:22Z

Linguipedia: New page: Saying that a language X (the recipient language) '''borrows (i.e. copies)''' an element from a language Y (the donor language) means that it comes to include this element into its...

2007-06-27T14:08:04Z

New page: Saying that a language X (the recipient language) '''borrows (i.e. copies)''' an element from a language Y (the donor language) means that it comes to include this element into its...

New page

Saying that a language X (the [[recipient language]]) '''borrows (i.e. copies)''' an element from a language Y (the [[donor language]]) means that it comes to include this element into its own system.

::*''"The vocabulary and grammatical patterns of a language can in this way be separated into two categories: '''native elements''', which we can take back to the earliest known stage of a language, and '''borrowed elements''', which were imported at some time from a different language."'' (Lehmann 1962:212)
::*''"Cases of maintenance may involve varying degrees of influence on the lexicon and structure of a group's native language from the external language with which it is in contact. This kind of influence is referred to as "borrowing"."'' (Winford 2003:12)

=== Comments ===

It is often remarked that since the donor language does not lose the borrowed element, borrowing is really a kind of [[copying]], and the metaphor "borrowing" is hardly appropriate. However, it is very deeply entrenched in linguists' (and lay persons') usage.

::*''"The metaphor implied is certainly absurd, since the borrowing takes place without the lender's consent or even awareness, and the borrower is under no obligation to repay the loan...The real advantage of the term 'borrowing' is the fact that it is not applied to language by laymen. It has therefore remained comparatively unambiguous in linguistic discussion, and no apter term has yet been invented."'' (Haugen 1950:211-212)

=== Subtypes ===

Two important subtypes of borrowing are [[adoption]] (when native speakers of the recipient language borrow elements from the donor language, which is not their native language) and [[imposition]] (or [[retention]]) (when native speakers of the donor language adopt a new language but learn this new language imperfectly).

Some specific types of borrowing are: [[loan translation]], [[semantic borrowing]], [[loanblend]], [[calque]], [[nonce borrowing]]

=== Polysemy ===

The term ''borrowing'' is also used

* for [[adoption]] (i.e. one subtype of borrowing), especially by Thomason & Kaufman (1988); see [[borrowing (i.e. adoption)]].
* concretely, for a [[loanword]] (or other loan element); see [[borrowing (i.e. loanword]])

=== Synonyms ===

* [[loan]]
* [[transfer]]
* [[copying]]: This term has been used and promoted especially by Lars Johanson (e.g. Johanson 2002).

=== Origin ===
The use of the verb ''borrow'' for the adoption of foreign language elements seems to be very old. The OED has the following quotation from 1706: "The Rabbies would..borrow Words from other Languages." (A. Bedford ''Temple Mus.'' vi. 113)

=== References ===
*Haugen, Einar. 1950. The analysis of linguistic borrowing. ''Language'' 26:210-231.
*Johanson, Lars. 2002. ''Structural factors in Turkic language contacts.'' London: Routledge.
*Lehmann, Winfred P. 1962. ''Historical linguistics: An introduction.'' New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
*Winford, Donald. 2003. ''An introduction to contact linguistics.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell.

===other languages===
German [[Entlehnung (d.h. Kopierung)|Entlehnung]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Contact-induced change]]

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 * for [[adoption]] (i.e. one subtype of borrowing), especially by Thomason & Kaufman (1988); see [[borrowing (i.e. adoption)]].
-* concretely, for a [[loanword]] (or other loan element); see [[borrowing (i.e. loan]])
+* concretely, for a [[loanword]] (or other loan element); see [[borrowing (i.e. loan)]]
 === Synonyms ===

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	{{dc}}		{{dc}}
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	[[Category:Contact-induced change]]		[[Category:Contact-induced change]]

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 === Origin ===
 The use of the verb ''borrow'' for the adoption of foreign language elements seems to be very old. The OED has the following quotation from 1706: "The Rabbies would..borrow Words from other Languages." (A. Bedford ''Temple Mus.'' vi. 113)
 === References ===
@@ Line 38: / Line 41: @@
 *Winford, Donald. 2003. ''An introduction to contact linguistics.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell.
-===other languages===
+===Other languages===
 German [[Entlehnung (d.h. Kopierung)|Entlehnung]]