http://glottopedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=By-phraseBy-phrase - Revision history2026-04-22T15:42:05ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.34.2http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=By-phrase&diff=5822&oldid=prevLuo: from Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics2008-03-31T13:33:45Z<p>from Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>In syntax, '''by-phrase''' is an optional [[adjunct]] in a [[passive]] construction headed by by and containing the logical subject. <br />
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===Examples===<br />
In (i) the ''by''-phrase contains ''Vitesse'', the logical subject of ''won'' (cf. ''Vitesse won the match''). As shown by (ii), ''by''-phrases are also possible in nominal passives.<br />
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(i) The match was won by Vitesse.<br />
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(ii) Carthago's destruction by the Romans.<br />
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(iii) They kissed by the light of the moon.<br />
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Not all languages allow passive ''by''-phrases, and not all [[phrase]]s headed by ''by'' are passive ''by''-phrases: in (iii) the ''light of the moon'' is not interpreted as an [[argument]] of the verb ''kiss''.<br />
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===Link===<br />
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=By-phrase&lemmacode=851 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics] <br />
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===References===<br />
*Baker, M., Johnson, K. & Roberts, I. 1989. Passive Arguments Raised. ''Linguistic Inquiry 20'', 219-252.<br />
*Grimshaw, J. 1990. ''Argument Structure.'' Cambridge, Mass: MIT-press.<br />
*Jaeggli, O. 1986. Passive. ''Linguistic Inquiry 17'', 587-622.<br />
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[[Category:Syntax]]</div>Luo