Irony - Revision history

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2014-07-04T20:32:18Z

marked as en

Volker gast: /* Links */

2009-09-01T09:00:38Z

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Volker gast at 08:59, 1 September 2009

2009-09-01T08:59:35Z

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Volker gast: /* Etymology */

2009-09-01T08:28:15Z

Etymology

Volker gast at 06:23, 1 September 2009

2009-09-01T06:23:04Z

Volker gast: /* The scope of the notion of 'irony' */

2009-09-01T06:19:37Z

The scope of the notion of 'irony'

Volker gast: /* Theories of irony */

2009-09-01T06:16:43Z

Theories of irony

Volker gast: /* The scope of the notion of 'irony' */

2009-09-01T06:15:48Z

The scope of the notion of 'irony'

Volker gast: /* The scope of the notion of 'irony' */

2009-09-01T06:15:15Z

The scope of the notion of 'irony'

Volker gast: /* Etymology */

2009-09-01T06:10:26Z

Etymology

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 ==Etymology==
-The word 'irony' derives from Greek ''eirōneía'' (cf. also Latin: ''ironia''), which means 'simulated ignorance', 'the pretence of ignorance'.
+The word 'irony' derives from Greek ''eirōneía'' (cf. also Latin: ''ironia''), which means 'simulated ignorance', 'the pretence of ignorance', 'lack of eanestness', among other meanings. The greek word is based on the verb ''eirō'' 'speak, say, tell'.
 ==The scope of irony==

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:23, 1 September 2009
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	Such chains of ironical utterances, whose meanings do not apply to the actual situation, might be continued endlessly.		Such chains of ironical utterances, whose meanings do not apply to the actual situation, might be continued endlessly.
		+
		+	==Literature==
		+	* Dews, S., J. Kaplan & E. Winner. 2007. Why not say it directly? The Social Functions of Irony. In: R.W. Gibbs & H.L. Colston (eds.), ''Irony in Language and Thought'', 297-317. NY: LEA.
		+	* Fludernik, M. 2007. Interfaces of Language: The Case of Irony. In: T. Honegger, E.-M. Orth & S. Schwabe (eds.), ''Irony Revisited'', 11-26. Würzburg: Könighausen & Neumann.
		+	* Gibbs, R.W.Jr. & H.L. Colston. 2007. ''Irony in Language and Thought''. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
		+	* Grice, H.P. 1978. Further notes on logic and conversation. In: P. Cole (ed.), ''Syntax and Semantics: Vol.9. Pragmatics'', 113-128. New York: Academic.
		+	* Kumon-Nakamura, S., S. Glucksberg & M. Brown. 2007. How about another Piece of Pie: The Allusional Pretense Theory of Discourse Irony. In: R.W. Gibbs & H.L. Colston (eds.), ''Irony in Language and Thought'', 57-95. NY: LEA.
		+	* Leech, G. 1995. ''Principles of Pragmatics''. London: Longman.
		+	* Levinson, S.C. 1997. ''Pragmatics''. Cambridge: UP.
		+	* Wilson, D. & D. Sperber. 1992. On Verbal Irony. ''Lingua'' 87: 53-76.
		+	* Wilson, D. 2006. The Pragmatics of Verbal Irony: Echo or Pretence?. ''Lingua'' 116: 1722-1743.
		+	* Winner, E. & H. Gardner. 1993. Metaphor and Irony: two Levels of Understanding. In: A. Ortony (ed.), ''Metaphor and Thought'', 425-443. 2nd ed. Cambridge: UP.
		+

	==Links==		==Links==

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 The word 'irony' derives from Greek ''eirōneía'' (cf. also Latin: ''ironia''), which means 'simulated ignorance', 'the pretence of ignorance'.
-==The scope of the notion of 'irony'==
+==The scope of irony==
 ===Typical instances of irony: opposite meanings===
 In a narrow sense, ironical utterances convey an intended meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning expressed in the relevant sentence. Broader definitions also include other types of discrepancies between literal meaning and intended meaning.
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 ===Understanding irony===
 Experiments have shown that children prior to age 6 are often unable to correctly understand irony. The ability to distinguish between the literal meaning and the intended meaning of an utterance does not develop before the age of 6 or 7. (For further information on mental processes and the development of irony understanding see Gibbs & Colston 2007.)
 ==Theories of irony==

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ==Theories of irony==
-===Irony and conversational pragmatics: implicature, politeness===
+===Irony and conversational pragmatics: implicatures, politeness===
 (Grice 1975, 1978; Leech 1990)
-====Implicature====
+====Implicatures====
 H.P. [[Grice]] regarded irony as a figure of speech resulting from a violation of the maxim of quality ('Do not say what you believe to be false'). The flouting of the maxim is assumed to trigger implicatures: "It is perfectly obvious to A and his audience that what A has said or has made as if to say is something he does not believe, and the audience knows that A knows that this is obvious to the audience." (Grice 1975: ***). In (9), it is clear to the speaker and to the audience that there is an incongruity between what is uttered and what is meant.
@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 (Fludernik [2007: 19] criticizes the echoic approach to verbal irony because it seems to concern opinions and stereotypical views rather than particular utterances.)
-===Allusional pretence theory===
+===The Allusional Pretence Theory===
 (Nakamura, Glucksberg & Brown 1995)
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 Such chains of ironical utterances, whose meanings do not apply to the actual situation, might be continued endlessly.
 ==Links==

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 (7) ''What a disaster.'' (uttered after a meeting that went extraordinary well)
-===Irony as hidden crticism===
+===Irony as hidden criticism===
 Winner and Gardner (1993: 429) state that "the primary function of irony is [...] to show something about the speaker". There is a large range of (predominantly negative) feelings that might be expressed by verbal irony. Ironical remarks are always uttered at someone’s expense. Still, verbal irony is often interpreted as less negative or offending than direct utterances. As has been shown in experiments, ironical utterances are preferred to their literal counterparts in order "to be funny, to soften the edge of an insult, to show themselves to be in control of their emotions, and to avoid damaging their relationship with the addressee" (Dews, Kaplan & Winner 1995: 297). These findings support the fact that the concepts of politeness, face, maintaining social relationship as well as humor are to be seen in close connection with verbal irony.

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:15, 1 September 2009
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	(7) ''What a disaster.'' (uttered after a meeting that went extraordinary well)		(7) ''What a disaster.'' (uttered after a meeting that went extraordinary well)
		+
		+	===Irony as hidden crticism===
		+	Winner and Gardner (1993: 429) state that "the primary function of irony is [...] to show something about the speaker". There is a large range of (predominantly negative) feelings that might be expressed by verbal irony. Ironical remarks are always uttered at someone’s expense. Still, verbal irony is often interpreted as less negative or offending than direct utterances. As has been shown in experiments, ironical utterances are preferred to their literal counterparts in order "to be funny, to soften the edge of an insult, to show themselves to be in control of their emotions, and to avoid damaging their relationship with the addressee" (Dews, Kaplan & Winner 1995: 297). These findings support the fact that the concepts of politeness, face, maintaining social relationship as well as humor are to be seen in close connection with verbal irony.
		+
		+	===Understanding irony===
		+	Experiments have shown that children prior to age 6 are often unable to correctly understand irony. The ability to distinguish between the literal meaning and the intended meaning of an utterance does not develop before the age of 6 or 7. (For further information on mental processes and the development of irony understanding see Gibbs & Colston 2007.)

	==Theories of irony==		==Theories of irony==