Positive and negative face - Revision history

NBlöcher: Edited the format, marked as {{dc}} and removed the block {{cats}}

2014-09-27T18:59:33Z

Edited the format, marked as {{dc}} and removed the block {{cats}}

NBlöcher: Article was not categorised, so I added some categories

2014-07-20T19:07:50Z

Article was not categorised, so I added some categories

JKlug at 08:13, 16 May 2014

2014-05-16T08:13:02Z

JKlug: /* Definition of terms */

2014-05-16T08:12:42Z

Definition of terms

JKlug at 08:12, 16 May 2014

2014-05-16T08:12:09Z

JKlug at 08:11, 16 May 2014

2014-05-16T08:11:10Z

JKlug at 17:13, 15 May 2014

2014-05-15T17:13:19Z

JKlug: Created page with "'''Positive and negative face''' are defined as the two components of an individual's public self-image (face(concept)). Both '''positive''' and '''negative face''' descri..."

2014-05-15T17:13:09Z

Created page with "'''Positive and negative face''' are defined as the two components of an individual's public self-image (face(concept)). Both '''positive''' and '''negative face''' descri..."

New page

'''Positive and negative face''' are defined as the two components of an individual's public self-image ([[face(concept)]]). Both '''positive''' and '''negative face''' describe the different levels of face needs.

==Definition of terms==

The linguists Stephen Levinson and Penelope Brown were the first to sub-divide an individual's public self-image into positive and negative face. This distinction is based on Erving Goffman's definition of face. Levinson and Brown distinguish two levels of face based on an individual's basic needs as a social being ('''negative face''') and an individual's personal desires ('''positive face'''). In order to protect one's own and the adressee's face, one has to take care of both levels.

==Negative face==

'''Negative face''' describes the basic personal rights of an individual, including his/ her personal freedom as well as freedom of action. One's negative face is a neglection of all factors which represent a threat towards individual rights. One popular example is the freedom of speech, which includes one's need not to be interrupted by others while speaking.

==Positive face==

The '''positive face''' is defined as the individual desire of a person that his/ her personality is appreciated by others. Furthermore, this includes the way a person wants to be perceived by his/ her social group. One example for positive face is the appreciation of individual achievements. According to this definition, a painter would desire other people's appreciation of his/ her paintings.

===See also==

[[Face (concept)]]
[[face-threatening act]]

===Other Languages===
*German [[Positive und Negative Face]]

===Literature===

*Brown, Penelope und Levinson, Stephen (1978): Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. In: Goody, E. N. [Hrsg.]: Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 56-311.
*Goffman, Erving (1967): On Face-Work. An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction. In: Ders.: Interaction Ritual. New York: Doubleday. 5-45.
*Turner, Ken und Sbisa, E. (2013) [Hrsg.]: Handbook of Pragmatics: Pragmatics of Speech Actions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
*Watts, Richard [Hrsg.] (1992): Politeness in Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:07, 20 July 2014
Line 28:		Line 28:
	*Turner, Ken und Sbisa, E. (2013) [Hrsg.]: Handbook of Pragmatics: Pragmatics of Speech Actions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.		*Turner, Ken und Sbisa, E. (2013) [Hrsg.]: Handbook of Pragmatics: Pragmatics of Speech Actions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
	*Watts, Richard [Hrsg.] (1992): Politeness in Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.		*Watts, Richard [Hrsg.] (1992): Politeness in Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
		+
		+	[[Category:En]]
		+	[[Category:Pragmatics]]
		+	{{cats}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:13, 16 May 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''Positive and negative face''' are defined as the two components of an individual's public self-image ([[face(concept)]]). Both '''positive''' and '''negative face''' describe the different levels of face needs.	+	'''Positive and negative face''' are defined as the two components of an individual's public self-image ([[face (concept)]]). Both '''positive''' and '''negative face''' describe the different levels of face needs.

	==Definition of terms==		==Definition of terms==

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==Positive face==
-The '''positive face''' is defined as the individual desire of a person that his/ her personality is appreciated by others. Furthermore, this includes the way a person wants to be perceived by his/ her social group. One example for positive face is the appreciation of individual achievements. According to this definition, a painter would desire other people's appreciation of his/ her paintings.
+The '''positive face''' is defined as the individual desire of a person that his/ her personality is appreciated by others. Furthermore, this includes the way a person wants to be perceived by his/ her social group. One example for positive face is the appreciation of individual achievements. According to this definition, a painter would, for instance, desire other people's appreciation of his/ her paintings.
 ===See also===

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Positive and negative face''' are defined as the two components of an individual's public self-image ([[face (concept)]]). Both '''positive''' and '''negative face''' describe the different levels of face needs.
 ==Definition of terms==
 The linguists Stephen Levinson and Penelope Brown were the first to sub-divide an individual's public self-image into positive and negative [[face (concept)]]. This distinction is based on Erving Goffman's definition of face. Levinson and Brown distinguish two levels of face based on an individual's basic needs as a social being ('''negative face''') and an individual's personal desires ('''positive face'''). In order to protect one's own and the adressee's face, one has to take care of both levels.
 ==Negative face==
 '''Negative face''' describes the basic personal rights of an individual, including his/ her personal freedom as well as freedom of action. One's negative face is a neglection of all factors which represent a threat towards individual rights. One popular example is the freedom of speech, which includes one's need not to be interrupted by others while speaking.
 ==Positive face==
 The '''positive face''' is defined as the individual desire of a person that his/ her personality is appreciated by others. Furthermore, this includes the way a person wants to be perceived by his/ her social group. One example for positive face is the appreciation of individual achievements. According to this definition, a painter would, for instance, desire other people's appreciation of his/ her paintings.
-===See also===
+==See also==
+*[[Face (concept)]]
-[[Face (concept)]]
+*[[face-threatening act]]
-[[face-threatening act]]
+==Other Languages==
 *German [[Positive und Negative Face]]
-===Literature===
+==Literature==
 *Brown, Penelope und Levinson, Stephen (1978): Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. In: Goody, E. N. [Hrsg.]: Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 56-311.
 *Goffman, Erving (1967): On Face-Work. An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction. In: Ders.: Interaction Ritual. New York: Doubleday. 5-45.
@@ Line 29: / Line 24: @@
 *Watts, Richard [Hrsg.] (1992): Politeness in Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
-[[Category:En]]
+{{dc}}
 [[Category:Pragmatics]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:13, 15 May 2014
Line 16:		Line 16:

	[[Face (concept)]]		[[Face (concept)]]
		+
	[[face-threatening act]]		[[face-threatening act]]