Tense - Revision history

Volker gast: /* Definition */

2010-05-23T20:49:10Z

Definition

Volker gast: /* Definition */

2010-05-23T20:48:16Z

Definition

Volker gast at 16:03, 9 September 2009

2009-09-09T16:03:40Z

Volker gast at 16:03, 9 September 2009

2009-09-09T16:03:23Z

Volker gast at 15:59, 9 September 2009

2009-09-09T15:59:36Z

Volker gast at 15:47, 9 September 2009

2009-09-09T15:47:08Z

Volker gast: based on a term paper by Anika Freise

2009-09-09T15:02:24Z

based on a term paper by Anika Freise

Wohlgemuth: utrecht

2009-06-10T09:57:02Z

utrecht

New page

'''Tense''' is a grammatical feature or category expressing a temporal relation between the event described by the verb and the moment of utterance. Tense has been analyzed either as a morpho-syntactic feature of [[INFL]], or as a category T in its own right. Traditional tense features are past, present and future.

=== References ===

* Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
* Giorgi, A. & F. Pianesi 1991. ''Toward a Syntax of Temporal Representations,'' Probus 3,
* Gueron, J. & T. Hoekstra 1988. ''T-chains and the Constituent Structure of Auxiliaries,'' in: A. Cardinaletti et al. (eds.) Constituent Structure, Foris, Dordrecht.
* Hornstein, N. 1990. ''As time goes by,'' The MIT Press:Cambridge MA.

=== Links ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Tense&lemmacode=144 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

=== See also===
[[:Portal:Tense]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]

{{stub}}{{cats}}{{format}}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Definition==
-'''Tense''' is traditinaly defined as a grammatical feature or (deictic) category expressing a temporal relation between the event described by the verb and the moment of utterance.
+'''Tense''' is traditionally defined as a grammatical feature or (deictic) category expressing a temporal relation between the event described by the verb and the moment of utterance.
 Alternatively, '''tense''' can be defined as a grammatical feature or (deictic) category encoding a temporal relation between the [[topic time]] (Klein 1994) and an extra-linguistic reference point, the [[time of orientation]] (Huddleston & Pullum 2002).

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 '''Tense''' is traditinaly defined as a grammatical feature or (deictic) category expressing a temporal relation between the event described by the verb and the moment of utterance.
-Alternatively, '''tense''' can be defined as a grammatical feature or (deictic) category encoding a temporal relation between the [[topic time]] (Klein 1994) and an extra-linguistic reference point, the [[time of orientation]] (Huddleston & Pullum 2002.
+Alternatively, '''tense''' can be defined as a grammatical feature or (deictic) category encoding a temporal relation between the [[topic time]] (Klein 1994) and an extra-linguistic reference point, the [[time of orientation]] (Huddleston & Pullum 2002).
 ==Comment==

@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 ==See also==
 * [[:Portal:Tense and aspect]]
 * [[absolute tense]]
 * [[relative tense]]

@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 '''Tense''' is regarded as encoding a relationship between TT and TU. Three values are possible: incl (included in), after and before:
-{|
+{| border="1"
 |-
 |TU incl TT || present tense
@@ Line 111: / Line 111: @@
 |prospective || was going to sleep || is going to sleep || will be going to sleep
 |}
 ==References==
 * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
 * Giorgi, A. &amp; F. Pianesi 1991. ''Toward a Syntax of Temporal Representations,'' Probus 3,
 * Gueron, J. &amp; T. Hoekstra 1988. ''T-chains and the Constituent Structure of Auxiliaries,'' in: A. Cardinaletti et al. (eds.) Constituent Structure, Foris, Dordrecht.
 * Hornstein, N. 1990. ''As time goes by,'' The MIT Press:Cambridge MA.
 ==Links==
+* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Tense&lemmacode=144 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
 ==See also==
-[[:Portal:Tense]]
+* [[:Portal:Tense and aspect]]
 {{dc}}
 [[Category:Syntax]]
 [[Category:Semantics]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:59, 9 September 2009
Line 83:		Line 83:
	\|}		\|}

−		+	===Klein (1994)===
		+	Like Reichenbach and Comrie, Klein uses three parameters: time of utterance (TU), time of situation (Tsit) and topic time (TT). The [[topic time]] takes up a central position in his theory. It is defined as "the time span to which the speaker’s claim on this occasion is confined" (Klein 1994: 4).

		+	'''Tense''' is regarded as encoding a relationship between TT and TU. Three values are possible: incl (included in), after and before:
		+
		+	{\|
		+	\|-
		+	\|TU incl TT \|\| present tense
		+	\|-
		+	\|TU after TT \|\| past tense
		+	\|-
		+	\|TU before TT \|\| future tense
		+	\|}
		+
		+	The three basic temporal categories are cross-classified with three aspectual categories, corresponding to the relationship between TSit and TT. There are four possibilities: incl ('included in', imperfective), at ('partly included', perfective), after (perfect) and before (prospective). Accordingly, twelve tense-aspect categories can be distinguished:
		+
		+	{\| border="1"
		+	\|-
		+	\| \|\| past \|\| present \|\| future
		+	\|-
		+	\|imperfective \|\| was sleeping \|\| is sleeping \|\| will be sleeping
		+	\|-
		+	\|perfective \|\| slept \|\| sleeps \|\| will sleep
		+	\|-
		+	\|perfect \|\| had slept \|\| has slept \|\| will have slept
		+	\|-
		+	\|prospective \|\| was going to sleep \|\| is going to sleep \|\| will be going to sleep
		+	\|}

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 9 September 2009
Line 10:		Line 10:
	A distinction can be made between (i) [[absolute tense]], (ii) [[relative tense]] and (iii) [[absolute-relative tense]] (Comrie 1985).		A distinction can be made between (i) [[absolute tense]], (ii) [[relative tense]] and (iii) [[absolute-relative tense]] (Comrie 1985).

		+	The difference between absolute and relative tense is reflected in the use of time adverbials. Absolute time adverbials such as ''next year'', ''four hours ago'', ''in five days'' or ''tomorrow'' are related to the time of utterance. For example, ''tomorrow'' is the day after the day when the sentence is uttered. In contrast, relative time adverbials such as ''four hours before'', ''five days after'' or ''on the day before'' require an inner-textual reference point.
		+
		+	==Theories of tense==
		+
		+	The description of the models of time reference developed by Reichenbach (1947), Comrie (1985) and Klein (1994) are represented in chronological order.
		+
		+	===Reichenbach (1947)===
		+	According to Reichenbach, temporal reference involves three parameters: 'S' (point of speech), 'E' (point of event) and 'R' (point of reference). These parameters stand in a relationship of temporal precedence to each other (marked by ‘-‘), or they occur simultaneously (marked by ‘,’). For example, 'R-S,E' means that the point of speech (S) and the event (E) are simultaneous, whereas the point of reference (R) is located prior to the event and the moment of speech.
		+
		+	Three absolute tenses are distinguished, depending on the relationship between R and S (R=S: present, R-S: past, S-R: future). Aspect or relative tense is indicated by the relationship between E and R (E,R: simple, E-R: anterior, R-E: posterior). By combining the relation between R and S with the one between R and E, thirteen tenses can be distinguished. Two sets of three tenses can be subsumed under a single term, as natural languages do not normally seem to distinguish between them.
		+
		+	{\| border="1"
		+	\|-
		+	\|E-R-S
		+	\|Anterior Past
		+	\|-
		+	\|E,R-S
		+	\|Simple Past
		+	\|-
		+	\|R-E-S
		+	\| rowspan="3" \|
		+	Posterior Past
		+	\|-
		+	\|R-S,E
		+	\|-
		+	\|R-S-E
		+	\|-
		+	\|E-S,R
		+	\|Anterior Present
		+	\|-
		+	\|S,R,E
		+	\|Simple Present
		+	\|-
		+	\|S,R-E
		+	\|Posterior Present
		+	\|-
		+	\|S-E-R
		+	\| rowspan="3" \|
		+	Anterior Future
		+	\|-
		+	\|S,E-R
		+	\|-
		+	\|E-S-R
		+	\|-
		+	\|S-R,E
		+	\|Simple Future
		+	\|-
		+	\|S-R-E
		+	\|Posterior Future
		+	\|}
		+
		+	===Comrie (1985)===
		+	Comrie (1985) adopts the parameters used by Reichenbach (E, S, R). However, unlike in Reichenbach's system the distinction between [[absolute tenses]] and [[relative tenses]] is reflected in his theory. [[Absolute tenses]] only indicate a relationship between E and S. The parameter 'R' is only relevant to the interpretatio of [[absolute-relative tense]]s.
		+
		+	E is related to S and (in the case of absolute-relative tenses) S to R in terms of the temporal relations 'simul', 'before' and 'after':
		+
		+	{\| border="1"
		+	\|-
		+	\|E simul S \|\| present tense
		+	\|-
		+	\|E before S \|\| past tense
		+	\|-
		+	\|E after S \|\| future tense
		+	\|-
		+	\|E before R before S \|\| past perfect
		+	\|-
		+	\|E before R after S \|\| future perfect
		+	\|-
		+	\|E after R before S \|\| future in the past
		+	\|-
		+	\|E after R after S \|\| future in the future
		+	\|}
		+
		+