User talk:HPUJ86 - Revision history

Wohlgemuth: /* Your identity (encore) */ new section

2013-01-19T12:47:40Z

Your identity (encore): new section

HPUJ86: /* Morphology of comparative constructions */

2011-05-01T18:50:50Z

Morphology of comparative constructions

HPUJ86: /* 2. Comparison: A typological view */

2011-04-30T17:42:00Z

2. Comparison: A typological view

HPUJ86: /* 1. Comparison */

2011-04-30T17:41:36Z

1. Comparison

HPUJ86 at 17:39, 30 April 2011

2011-04-30T17:39:16Z

Show changes

HPUJ86 at 17:34, 30 April 2011

2011-04-30T17:34:07Z

HPUJ86 at 17:33, 30 April 2011

2011-04-30T17:33:36Z

HPUJ86: /* 2. Comparison: A typological view */

2011-04-30T17:30:48Z

2. Comparison: A typological view

HPUJ86 at 17:30, 30 April 2011

2011-04-30T17:30:07Z

HPUJ86: /* 1.2.1 Criteria: */

2011-04-30T17:17:04Z

1.2.1 Criteria:

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:47, 19 January 2013
Line 300:		Line 300:

	'''Tucker''', Gordon Howard (1998).The lexicogrammar of adjectives: a systemic functional approach to lexis. London: Cassell.		'''Tucker''', Gordon Howard (1998).The lexicogrammar of adjectives: a systemic functional approach to lexis. London: Cassell.
		+
		+	== Your identity (encore) ==
		+
		+	Please remember to identify yourself. --[[User:Wohlgemuth\|wohlgemuth]] ([[User talk:Wohlgemuth\|talk]]) 13:47, 19 January 2013 (CET)

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 ----
-= Morphology of comparative constructions =
+= Typology of comparative constructions =
 == 1. Comparison ==

@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 Example: “Mary is as popular as Mike.”
           “Mary is more popular than Jamie.”
@@ Line 227: / Line 228: @@
 “Istvan is taller than Peter” (Stassen 2001: 994)
 == 3. A Special Case: Double marking of adjectives in English ==

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 == 1. Comparison ==
- An adjective expresses a property of a noun. Grading the adjective changes the degree in which it modifies the noun. This way objects can be compared accord-ing to their qualities. In grammar this process is known as Comparison.
+An adjective expresses a property of a noun. Grading the adjective changes the degree in which it
 One can distinguish between to types of comparison:
 a. Comparison of equality: compared objects have the same position on a predicative scale
@@ Line 59: / Line 63: @@
 Tabelle einfügen??
 == 2. Comparison: A typological view ==

@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 Example:
 German
 Er   ist     intelligenter   als  Robert.

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 German
 Er   ist     intelligenter   als  Robert.
 SG1 be 3SG1 intelligent-AFF than R.
 “He is more intelligent than Robert.”

@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 === 1.2.1 Criteria: ===
-Inflectional Grading	Analytical Grading
+Tabelle einfügen??
-Monosyllabic adjectives	                            X
@@ Line 71: / Line 69: @@
 Example: “Mary is as popular as Mike.”
-		     “Mary is more popular than Jamie.”
+         “Mary is more popular than Jamie.”
 In both examples Mary functions as the comparee meanwhile Mike and Jamie take the roll of the index.
@@ Line 86: / Line 84: @@
 German
-Er     ist           intelligenter      als    Robert.
+Er   ist     intelligenter   als  Robert.
-SG1 be 3SG1  intelligent-AFF  than  R.
+SG1 be 3SG1 intelligent-AFF than R.
-	“He is more intelligent than Robert.”
+“He is more intelligent than Robert.”
@@ Line 98: / Line 96: @@
 Example:
-	Latin (Indo-European, Italic)
+Latin (Indo-European, Italic)
-Brutum 	ego 	       non   minus   amo
+Brutum ego     non minus amo
-B.-ACC		1SG.NOM     not    less	     love.1SG.PRES
+B.-ACC 1SG.NOM not less	 love.1SG.PRES
 quam 	Caesarem.
-	than	C.-ACC
+than	C.-ACC
-	“I love Brutus no less than (I love) Caesar” (Stassen 2001: 994)
+“I love Brutus no less than (I love) Caesar” (Stassen 2001: 994)
 In a fixed case comparative construction the S-NP remains in its case no matter what case the C-NP is in. Although it might seem like a minor alteration on paper, it has an enormous impact on the meaning of the sentence.
@@ Line 111: / Line 110: @@
 Latin (Indo-European, Italic)
-Brutum 	ego 	       non   minus   amo
+Brutum ego     non minus amo
-B.-ACC		1SG.NOM     not    less	     love.1SG.PRES
+B.-ACC 1SG.NOM not less	 love.1SG.PRES
 quam 	Caesar.
-	than	C.-NOM
+than	C.-NOM
-	“I love Brutus no less than Caesar (loves Brutus)” (Stassen 2001:  994)
+“I love Brutus no less than Caesar (loves Brutus)” (Stassen 2001:  994)
 === 2.2.1 Subcategories of the fixed case comparative ===
@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 Duala (Niger-Kordofanian, North-West Bantu)
-Nin   ndabo e  kolo buka     nine
+Nin  ndabo e  kolo buka   nine
-this   house  it big   exceed that
+this house it big  exceed that
-	“This house is bigger than that” (Stassen 2001: 994)
+“This house is bigger than that” (Stassen 2001: 994)
 With the adverbial comparative the S-NP is typically in a certain case-form, to take a locational or adverbial form. According to the specific nature of this func-tion, the adverbial comparative can be broken down into three further subcatego-ries: separative comparative, allative comparative or locational comparative.
@@ Line 134: / Line 135: @@
 Example:
 Mundari (Austro-Asiatic, Munda)
-Sadom-ete    hati        mananga-i
+Sadom-ete  hati     mananga-i
-Horse -from elephant 	big          -3SG.PRES
+Horse-from elephant big    -3SG.PRES
-	“The elephant is bigger than the horse” (Stassen 2001: 994)
+“The elephant is bigger than the horse” (Stassen 2001: 994)
 In allative comparative constructions on the other hand the S-NP is marked as the point of destination for a movement. In this forme the S-NP’s meaning is similar to over, beyond, to or towards.
@@ Line 144: / Line 147: @@
 Breton (Indo-European, Celtic)
-Jazo bras-ox    wid-on
+Jazo bras-ox  wid-on
-He   big   -AFF  for-me
+He   big -AFF for-me
-	“He is bigger than me” (Stassen 2001: 994)
+“He is bigger than me” (Stassen 2001: 994)
 The last subtype of the adverbial comparative, the locative comparative, does not feature a form of movement. Instead it marks the S-NP as a location of an object.
@@ Line 152: / Line 156: @@
 Example:
- Tamazight
+Tamazight
-Enta  ihengrin           foull   i
+Enta  ihengrin      foull   i
-He     tall.3SG.MASC upon   me
+He    tall.3SG.MASC upon    me
-	“He is taller than me” (Stassen 2001: 994)
+“He is taller than me” (Stassen 2001: 994)
@@ Line 166: / Line 170: @@
 Kobon (Papuan)
-U      kub   u       pro
+U    kub u    pro
-This big     that small
+This big that small
-	“This is bigger than that” (Stassen 2001: 995)
+“This is bigger than that” (Stassen 2001: 995)
 or in a positive – negative relation (clever – not clever).
@@ Line 175: / Line 179: @@
 Menomini (Algonquian)
-Tata’hkes-ew         nenah teh  kan
+Tata’hkes-ew   nenah teh  kan
-Strong      -3SG1    I          and not
+Strong   -3SG1 I     and  not
-	“He is stronger than me” (Stassen 2001: 994)
+“He is stronger than me” (Stassen 2001: 994)
 In particle comparative constructions the case of the S-NP derives from the C-NP but it is also accompanied by a specific comparative accretion. This is best illustrated by an example:
 Example:
 Hungarian (Uralic)
-Istvan   magasa-bb    mint Peter
+Istvan magasa-bb  mint Peter
-I.-NOM  tall       -AFF  than  P.-NOM
+I.-NOM tall  -AFF than P.-NOM
-	“Istvan is taller than Peter” (Stassen 2001: 994)
+“Istvan is taller than Peter” (Stassen 2001: 994)

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 		       “Mary is the most intelligent girl in school.”
-= 1.2.1 Criteria: =
+=== 1.2.1 Criteria: ===
 Inflectional Grading	Analytical Grading
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
-. Comparison: A typological view
+== 2. Comparison: A typological view ==
 In the languages of the world, there are several different methods to express com-parison. Yet, there are some universally used elements. Every comparative con-struction consists of two noun phrases (NP’s) and a predicate. While one noun phrase takes the role of the comparee (C-NP) – the object to be compared – the other noun phrase functions as an index for the comparison called standard noun phrase (S-NP).
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
-.1 Marked and unmarked predicates
+=== 2.1 Marked and unmarked predicates ===
 However in most languages the predicate remains in unmarked form when used in comparative constructions, there are still languages that tend to add an affix to it. Prominent examples of languages using such affixes are German, English and Latin.
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
-.2 Fixed case vs. derived case
+=== 2.2 Fixed case vs. derived case ===
 When differentiating the ways of encoding noun phrases in comparative construc-tions, there are two main types to be considered: the fixed case comparative and the derived case comparative. Both types can be broken down into further sub-categories.
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 	“I love Brutus no less than Caesar (loves Brutus)” (Stassen 2001:  994)
-.2.1 Subcategories of the fixed case comparative
+=== 2.2.1 Subcategories of the fixed case comparative ===
 The fixed case comparative can be differentiated into two subcategories: the di-rect-object comparative and the adverbial comparative.
@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
-.2.2 Subcategories of the derived case comparative
+=== 2.2.2 Subcategories of the derived case comparative ===
 When taking a closer look at the derived case comparative one can find two major subtypes. The first type is called the conjoined comparative and the second one the non-conjoined comparative also called the particle comparative.
@@ Line 190: / Line 190: @@
-. A Special Case: Double marking of adjectives in English
+== 3. A Special Case: Double marking of adjectives in English ==
 Results of a term paper written in the field of corpus linguistics at Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany indicate further phenomenon of comparative constructions in the English language. By searching one of the bigger corpora of English, the BNC, using the Programme ANTCONC examples double marked ad-jectives in their comparative and superlative form have been uncovered. That means the adjectives had been graded inflectionally and analytically at the same time. Both forms in comparison to the standard form are presented in the follow-ing examples:
@@ Line 215: / Line 215: @@
-.1 The double marked comparative
+=== 3.1 The double marked comparative ===
 According to the used data there appears to be a set of rules in the double marked comparative. Double marking in the comparative only occurs with adjectives that can be graded inflectionally. It does not occur with adjectives that are normally graded analytically.
@@ Line 223: / Line 223: @@
-.2 The double marked superlative
+=== 3.2 The double marked superlative ===
 With only 13 occurrences in the entire BNC the double marked superlative is not frequent enough to be considered a legitimate part of English.
@@ Line 229: / Line 229: @@
-.3 Origin of double marked comparison
+=== 3.3 Origin of double marked comparison ===
 Even though there have been no studies concerning the historical development of the phenomenon of double marking, there are general thoughts of how it came to be.
@@ Line 243: / Line 243: @@
-References:
+== References: ==
 Bauer, Laurie (1994). Watching English change: an introduction to the study of linguistic change in standard Englishes in the twentieth century. London: Long-man.