Verner's law - Revision history

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Witzlack: New page: '''Verner’s Law''' is a voicing process which affected the Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives in the intervocal position, so that ''ɸ'', ''θ'', ''x'', ''xʷ'', ''s'' became ''β'', ''...

2008-02-10T21:22:50Z

New page: '''Verner’s Law''' is a voicing process which affected the Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives in the intervocal position, so that ''ɸ'', ''θ'', ''x'', ''xʷ'', ''s'' became ''β'', ''...

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'''Verner’s Law''' is a voicing process which affected the Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives in the intervocal position, so that ''ɸ'', ''θ'', ''x'', ''xʷ'', ''s'' became ''β'', ''ð'', ''ɣ'', ''ɣʷ'', ''z'' respectively unless there was a stress in Proto-Indo-European on the immediately preceding syllable (in the majority of sources notated as ''f'', ''þ'', ''χ'', ''χʷ'', ''s'' becoming ''ƀ'', ''đ'', ''ǥ'', ''ǥʷ'', ''z''). 
After the application of [[Grimm's law]], Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops should have become voiceless fricatives in Proto-Germanic. However, often they were also voiced. These irregularities to Grimm's law were noticed before Verner: the voicing alternation in certain verb paradigms had been already described by Braune (1874) and was referred to as ''grammatischer Wechsel'' after Holtzmann (1870), however, Karl Adolf Verner (1846-1896) was the first to find an explanation for these irregularities. According to his biographical notes (Verner 1903), he formulated the rule already in 1875 and published it in 1876 under a misleading title ''Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautverschiebung''. 
Verner's rule can be exemplified with the development of the word ''*ph2tḗr'' 'father'. Proto-Indo-European *''t'' developed into ''ð'' instead of the expected *''θ'': Proto-Germanic *''faðēr'' instead of expected *''faθēr''. 

==References==
* Beekes, Robert S. P. 1995. ''Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Braune, Wilhelm. 1874. Über den grammatischen Wechsel in der deutschen Verbalflexion. ''Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur'' 1.513-27.
* Collinge, Neville Edgar. 1985. ''The laws of Indo-European''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Holtzmann, Adolf. 1870. ''Altdeutsche Grammatik I''. Leipzig: Brockhaus.
* Lehmann, Winfred P. 1967. ''A reader in nineteenth century historical Indo-European linguistics''. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
* Ringe, Donald A. 2006. ''A History of English: Volume I: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Rooth, Erik 1974. ''Das Vernersche Gesetz in Forschung und Lehre.'' Lund: Gleerup.
* Verner, Karl Adolf. 1876a. Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautverschiebung. ''Kuhns Zeitschrift'' (Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung) 23.97-130.
* Verner, Karl Adolf. 1876b. Zur Ablautsfrage. ''Kuhns Zeitschrift'' (Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung) 21.131-38.
* Verner, Karl Adolf. 1903. ''Afhandlinger og breve udgivne af Selskab for germansk filologi.'' Copenhagen: Selskab for germansk filologi.

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 ==Definition==
 '''Verner’s Law''' is a voicing process which affected the Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives in the intervocal position, so that ''ɸ'', ''θ'', ''x'', ''xʷ'', ''s'' became ''β'', ''ð'', ''ɣ'', ''ɣʷ'', ''z'' respectively unless there was a stress in Proto-Indo-European on the immediately preceding syllable (in the majority of sources notated as ''f'', ''þ'', ''χ'', ''χʷ'', ''s'' becoming ''ƀ'', ''đ'', ''ǥ'', ''ǥʷ'', ''z'').<br>

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+==Definition==
 '''Verner’s Law''' is a voicing process which affected the Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives in the intervocal position, so that ''ɸ'', ''θ'', ''x'', ''xʷ'', ''s'' became ''β'', ''ð'', ''ɣ'', ''ɣʷ'', ''z'' respectively unless there was a stress in Proto-Indo-European on the immediately preceding syllable (in the majority of sources notated as ''f'', ''þ'', ''χ'', ''χʷ'', ''s'' becoming ''ƀ'', ''đ'', ''ǥ'', ''ǥʷ'', ''z'').<br>
 After the application of [[Grimm's law]], Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops should have become voiceless fricatives in Proto-Germanic. However, often they were also voiced. These irregularities to Grimm's law were noticed before Verner: the voicing alternation in certain verb paradigms had been already described by Braune (1874) and was referred to as ''grammatischer Wechsel'' after Holtzmann (1870), however, Karl Adolf Verner (1846-1896) was the first to find an explanation for these irregularities. According to his biographical notes (Verner 1903), he formulated the rule already in 1875 and published it in 1876 under a misleading title ''Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautverschiebung''.<br>

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	* Verner, Karl Adolf. 1876b. Zur Ablautsfrage. ''Kuhns Zeitschrift'' (Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung) 21.131-38.		* Verner, Karl Adolf. 1876b. Zur Ablautsfrage. ''Kuhns Zeitschrift'' (Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung) 21.131-38.
	* Verner, Karl Adolf. 1903. ''Afhandlinger og breve udgivne af Selskab for germansk filologi.'' Copenhagen: Selskab for germansk filologi.		* Verner, Karl Adolf. 1903. ''Afhandlinger og breve udgivne af Selskab for germansk filologi.'' Copenhagen: Selskab for germansk filologi.
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	'''Verner’s Law''' is a voicing process which affected the Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives in the intervocal position, so that ''ɸ'', ''θ'', ''x'', ''xʷ'', ''s'' became ''β'', ''ð'', ''ɣ'', ''ɣʷ'', ''z'' respectively unless there was a stress in Proto-Indo-European on the immediately preceding syllable (in the majority of sources notated as ''f'', ''þ'', ''χ'', ''χʷ'', ''s'' becoming ''ƀ'', ''đ'', ''ǥ'', ''ǥʷ'', ''z'').<br>		'''Verner’s Law''' is a voicing process which affected the Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives in the intervocal position, so that ''ɸ'', ''θ'', ''x'', ''xʷ'', ''s'' became ''β'', ''ð'', ''ɣ'', ''ɣʷ'', ''z'' respectively unless there was a stress in Proto-Indo-European on the immediately preceding syllable (in the majority of sources notated as ''f'', ''þ'', ''χ'', ''χʷ'', ''s'' becoming ''ƀ'', ''đ'', ''ǥ'', ''ǥʷ'', ''z'').<br>
	After the application of [[Grimm's law]], Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops should have become voiceless fricatives in Proto-Germanic. However, often they were also voiced. These irregularities to Grimm's law were noticed before Verner: the voicing alternation in certain verb paradigms had been already described by Braune (1874) and was referred to as ''grammatischer Wechsel'' after Holtzmann (1870), however, Karl Adolf Verner (1846-1896) was the first to find an explanation for these irregularities. According to his biographical notes (Verner 1903), he formulated the rule already in 1875 and published it in 1876 under a misleading title ''Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautverschiebung''.<br>		After the application of [[Grimm's law]], Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops should have become voiceless fricatives in Proto-Germanic. However, often they were also voiced. These irregularities to Grimm's law were noticed before Verner: the voicing alternation in certain verb paradigms had been already described by Braune (1874) and was referred to as ''grammatischer Wechsel'' after Holtzmann (1870), however, Karl Adolf Verner (1846-1896) was the first to find an explanation for these irregularities. According to his biographical notes (Verner 1903), he formulated the rule already in 1875 and published it in 1876 under a misleading title ''Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautverschiebung''.<br>