Back formation

Back formation is a type of word formation in which a word is assumed to have a morphological structure (for instance, a root and an affix) that it did not originally have and is then decomposed. Often monomorphemic words are decomposed into a root and a affix if the language has a productive affix with the same phonological form as a part of the word that underwent back formation.

Comments

The process can be schematically represented as follows:

• Initial morphological structure: (abcdef)_stem; the language also has a productive affix with the form (ef).

• Morphological structure after back formation: (abcd)_stem(ef)_suffix.

For example, edit is a result of backformation from editor, sculpt from sculptor (decomposed as having the productive suffixes –or or –er used to build words denoting a person who performs the action denoted by a verb).

Synonym

• retrograde formation

References

• Campbell, Lyle & Mauricio J. Mixco. 2007. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Other languages

German Rückbildung